Understanding Rabies: Vaccine, Transmission, and Prevention

Pet Health

Rabid dog

The rabies vaccine is legally required for dogs, cats, and ferrets in most states. Rabies is fatal to humans and a serious worldwide public health concern. The vaccine, unlike others, is 100% protective if administered according to label directions. Most puppies and kittens receive their first dose between 12-16 weeks old, depending on local ordinances, and it must be administered by a licensed veterinarian.

If the vaccine is 100% effective, why do we still have over 59,000 human deaths worldwide and 1-2 human deaths annually in the US? The answer is multifactorial, and it will help to understand a little about the virus, its transmission, and host populations that perpetuate this deadly disease.

Transmission

Rabies virus is transmitted via the saliva of an infected mammal through a bite wound that breaks the skin. Important reservoirs for infection include stray or unvaccinated dogs and cats, bats, skunks, and raccoons. The virus quickly reproduces and uses the peripheral nervous system and spinal cord as a conduit to reach the brain, finally spreading to the salivary glands and other organs in the infected individual.

The incubation period, or time it takes to see clinical signs of the virus, takes anywhere between 10 days to approximately 4 months in dogs. This information guides veterinary recommendations for assessment, observation, and isolation if a bite wound has occurred. Signs in other species can take up to a year or more to develop, depending on the amount of virus that was transmitted via the bite, the site of infection, and severity of the bite.

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Symptoms

Ultimately, infection with rabies virus leads to brain injury and death. The signs of infection depend on the species. For dogs, personality change is common (from fear or depression to aggression), followed by insatiable appetite, paralysis including face or limbs, difficulty swallowing, excessive salivation, and seizures.

In humans infected with rabies, early symptoms are nonspecific, consisting of fever, headache, and general malaise. As the disease progresses, neurological symptoms appear and may include insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight or partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation, difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia (fear of water). Death usually occurs within days of the onset of symptoms.

Transmission Over Time

Over the last 100 years and with the onset of vaccinations and education, the CDC has seen a dramatic reduction in the transmission of rabies. Prior to 1960, most reported rabies cases in the U.S. were in domestic animals such as dogs, cats, ferrets, horses, and cattle. Now, over 90% of confirmed cases are from wildlife hosts such as bats (6% of the bat population carries rabies), skunks, raccoons, coyotes, and foxes. 70% of human acquired infections result from bat bites which can be difficult to detect as bite wounds can be miniscule and often occur without the victim’s knowledge.

Unfortunately, the only way to confirm a diagnosis of rabies in a suspected animal is to microscopically test brain tissue after death. Therefore, it’s important to contain the suspected animal, if alive, for observation, isolation, or humane euthanasia, or keep it until animal control can retrieve it for testing.

What to Do If You or Your Pet Is Bitten

If you or your pet is bitten or scratched by an animal that might carry rabies, even if the animal is not showing signs of illness, call your physician or veterinarian and animal control immediately. These professionals will work with the public health department to determine what follow-up care and testing is needed. If the bite occurred from an owned dog or cat, ask the pet parent for vaccine records to see if the pet was vaccinated and obtain contact information.

Wash any affected wounds with soap and water. Other treatments may consist of a post-bite serum containing anti-rabies antibodies and post-exposure rabies vaccines which work to stimulate the body’s immune system. There is no effective cure once clinical signs occur.

Prevention

Identification and vaccination of stray dog populations, minimizing contact with wildlife hosts, and spaying and neutering pets to decrease roaming behaviors all contribute to a reduction in rabies cases. Vaccination of pets, as well as supporting wildlife management initiatives like vaccinating raccoons via food baits, may help to eradicate this disease.

People in high-risk occupations such as animal control officers and veterinarians can obtain a prophylactic rabies vaccine intended to protect themselves should they be bitten by a rabid animal. With continued best practices and prevention, rabies can one day be a thing of the past.

View our Pet Wellness Videos for more expert pet advice.

At Pet Butler, we want you and your pet to live your best and healthiest lives, which is why we offer Pet Waste Removal and Pet Care services year-round. We offer weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, and one-time clean-up services to meet your schedule and needs.

Understanding Intestinal Parasites in Dogs

Pet Health

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Roundworms

What are roundworms?

Roundworms describe a many different worm parasites. The most common dog roundworm is Toxocara canis. Humans have a different roundworm, as do cats, horses, pigs, and other animals.

How does my dog get roundworms?

Dogs get roundworms either from eating worm eggs off the ground or because the mother dog was infected and passed the worms to her puppies during her pregnancy. Adult roundworms have funny faces, with three big lips surrounding their mouth. They feed on partially digested food in the dog’s intestine.

What are the risks?

Roundworms are a major health concern for your dog. Roundworms live in the small intestine of dogs. It is a microscopic and parasitic organism. Eggs are passed into the environment in the dog’s waste. The eggs then take two weeks to a month to become infective. There is no risk from fresh dog waste. However, after becoming infective, eggs can remain in the soil for several years.

The risk to humans is slight. Humans do not develop adult roundworms, although migration of larvae through tissues and organs can cause disease. Humans usually become infected through contact with eggs in the soil or by accidental ingestion.<

Direct contact between infected dogs and humans is not considered to play a role in the transmission of roundworm. Young children are at the greatest risk. They often eat dirt and grass and fill their mouths with contaminated hands. Hand-powered wheelchair users and field sports players also face greater risks.

How can roundworms be prevented?

Roundworm is not present in dogs that receive regular worm treatments. Picking up dog waste before roundworm eggs can become infective is equally important.

Hookworms

What are hookworms?

Hookworms are an intestinal parasite that feeds on blood. They have a direct life cycle meaning that they do not necessarily need a host to be transmitted. In pets, hookworm ova(egg) are passed in the host’s feces and develop to the first larval stage if the temperature and humidity are adequate. Ova can hatch in 10-12 hours at 30 degrees centigrade and in 9 hours at 37 degrees centigrade.

How does my dog get hookworms?

Infection can occur via ingestion or skin penetration (commonly infested through the feet) followed by a pulmonary migration, a developmental stage in the gastric glands, or an arrested state in the muscular tissue in older animals. Migration and maturation occur in 17 days. Transport hosts, especially rodents, may play a role in the transmission of this parasite.

What kind of problems do hookworms cause for dogs?

Young dogs and cats are affected more severely since they are less able to cope with depleted iron reserves.

Clinical signs may be one or more of the following: Intestinal blood loss causing anemia Bloody diarrhea Weight loss Poor hair coat

How are hookworm infections diagnosed?

A veterinarian diagnoses hookworms by fecal flotation. The ova are un-embryonated and must be taken from a fresh specimen since they hatch rapidly in warm weather. Therefore, unless you are going to the veterinarian quickly it is best to refrigerate stool samples or better yet have the vet extract the stool sample at their office. Your pet may not like that idea but it will yield the more accurate result.

How are hookworms treated?

There are many de-wormers available over-the-counter but they contain medications that are designed to “flush out” the parasite. But as the name implies, Hookworms hook onto the intestinal wall and “do not come off without a fight”. Many pets experience mild to severe distress because of these dewormers. These de-wormers were used by veterinarians decades ago, but veterinary medicine has come a long way since then.

Today, many anthelmintics are effective against hookworms in both dogs and cats. An aggressive treatment and prevention program as defined by your veterinarian normally entails two initial treatments 2 weeks apart (killing the hatched eggs and before they can hatch again and reproduce by administering a second dose), plus an aggressive preventive program. Since the medication can only kill what’s in the system monthly checkups for 3-4 months are needed until a pattern of negative test results is established. Because of the life-cycle of the hookworm, monthly combo preventative can help control but not usually eliminate the problem.

Also, it is extremely important to thoroughly clean and disinfect the affected areas. If this is not feasible walk your pet in a different area and if possible away from where other pets go. ALWAYS, pick up after your pet goes to the bathroom to minimize the chance of reinfection.

Are humans at risk?

Hookworms can pose a health hazard to humans, especially children.

It is imperative to keep on top of the situation and have your pet regularly tested. In humans, hookworms cause cutaneous larva migrans. The parasite can penetrate human skin and cause linear, tortuous, erythematous, and pruritic dermatitis (kids are more susceptible). Therefore, if you own a pet good hygiene, prevention, and management of stool area should be #1 on your list.

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Tapeworms

What are tapeworms?

The most common tapeworm of dogs (and cats) is called Dipylidium caninum. This parasite attaches to the small intestinal wall by hook-like mouthparts. Adult tapeworms may reach 8 inches (20 cm) in length. The adult worm is actually made up of many small segments about 1/8 inch (3 mm) long. As the tail end of the worm matures, the terminal segments break off and pass into the stool. Occasionally, the mobile segments can be seen crawling near the anus or on the surface of a fresh bowel movement.

These segments look like grains of rice and contain tapeworm eggs; the eggs are released into the environment when the segment dries. The dried segments are small (about 1/16″, or 2 mm), hard, and golden in color. These dried segments can sometimes be seen stuck to the hair around the dog’s anus.

A less commonly found tapeworm, called Echinococcus, also occurs in dogs.

How does my dog get tapeworms?

In order for a dog to become infected with the common tapeworm, Dipylidium, the dog must swallow a flea that contains tapeworm eggs. This process begins when tapeworm eggs are swallowed by flea larvae (an immature stage of the flea). Contact between flea larvae and tapeworm eggs is thought to occur most frequently in contaminated bedding or carpet. Next, the dog chews or licks its skin as a flea bite; the flea is then swallowed. As the flea is digested within the dog’s intestine, the tapeworm hatches and anchors itself to the intestinal lining.

A dog becomes infected with Echinococcus when it eats a small mammal, usually a rodent, that contains the worm. Foxes and coyotes (and the wild rodents upon which they prey) are important in the life cycle of this parasite. Dogs and cats may also become infected if they eat rodents carrying the parasite.

What kind of problems do tapeworms cause for dogs?

Tapeworms are not highly pathogenic (harmful) to your dog. They may cause debilitation and weight loss when they occur in large numbers. Sometimes, the dog will scoot or drag its anus across the ground or carpet because the segments are irritating to the skin in this area. The adult worm is generally not seen, but the white segments that break away from the tapeworm and pass outside the body rarely fail to get an owner’s attention!

Occasionally, a tapeworm will release its attachment in the intestines and move into the stomach. This irritates the stomach, causing the dog to vomit the worm. When this happens, a worm several inches in length will be seen.

How is tapeworm infection diagnosed?

An infection with Dipylidium is usually diagnosed when the white, mobile segments are seen crawling on your dog or in the stool. Tapeworms are not usually detected by the routine fecal examination performed by the veterinarian. Because of this, veterinarians depend on the owner to notify them of possible tapeworm infection in the dog.

Echinococcus infections are harder to diagnose than the tapeworm caused by fleas because the segments are small and not readily seen.

How are the tapeworms treated?

Treatment is simple and, fortunately, very effective. A drug that kills tapeworms is given, either orally or by injection. It causes the tapeworm to dissolve within the intestines. Since the worm is usually digested before it passes, it is not visible in your dog’s stool. These drugs should not cause vomiting, diarrhea, or any other adverse side effects.

Control of fleas is very important in the management and prevention of tapeworm infection. Flea control involves the treatment of your dog, the indoor environment, and the outdoor environment where the dog resides. If the dog lives in a flea-infested environment, reinfection with tapeworms may occur in as little as two weeks. Because the medication that treats tapeworm infection is so effective, the return of the tapeworms is almost always due to reinfection from the environment.

How do I tell tapeworms from pinworms?

Tapeworms and pinworms look very similar. However, contrary to popular belief, pinworms do not infect dogs or cats. Any worm segments seen associated with dogs are due to tapeworms. Children who get pinworms do not get them from dogs or cats.

Echinococcus tapeworms are of more concern. These tapeworms cause very serious diseases when humans become infected. Hunters and trappers in the north-central United States and south-central Canada may be at risk for infection by this worm if strict hygiene is not observed. Rodent control and good hygiene are important in preventing the spread of this disease to humans. As with the more common tapeworm, infection with Echinococcus is infrequent but possible.

What can be done to control tapeworm infection in dogs and to prevent human infection?

Effective flea control is important. Prompt deworming should be given when parasites are detected; periodic deworming may be appropriate for pets at high risk for reinfection. All pet feces should be disposed of promptly, especially in yards, playgrounds, and public parks. Do not allow children to play in potentially contaminated environments. Strict hygiene is important, especially for children.

Whipworms

What are whipworms?

Whipworms are intestinal parasites which are about 1/4 inch (6 mm) long. They live in the cecum and colon of dogs where they cause severe irritation to the lining of those organs. This results in watery, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, and general debilitation. They are one of the most pathogenic worms found in dogs.

How does my dog get whipworms?

Whipworms pass microscopic eggs in the stool. The eggs are very resistant to drying and heat, so they can remain viable in the dog’s environment for years. They mature and are able to re-infect the dog in 10-60 days. The eggs are swallowed and return to the lower intestinal tract to complete the life cycle.

How is whipworm infection diagnosed?

Whipworms are diagnosed by finding eggs with a microscopic examination of the stool. However, multiple samples are often required because these parasites pass small numbers of eggs on an irregular basis. Any dog with chronic diarrhea can be reasonably suspected to have whipworms, regardless of several negative stool examinations. It is an accepted practice to treat whipworms based on the assumption of infection. Response to treatment is an indication that whipworms were present but could not be detected on fecal examination.

How are whipworms treated?

There are several drugs that are very effective against whipworms. Two treatments are needed at a 3-4 week interval, but because reinfection is such a problem, it is advisable to treat again every 3-4 months or to put the dog on a heartworm prevention product that contains an ingredient that prevents infection with whipworms. Whipworms are not nearly as common now because of the widespread use of these types of heartworm prevention products.

Can I get whipworms from my dog?

No. Whipworms are not infectious to people; they are parasites of the dog.

The Importance of Spaying and Neutering Your Pet 

Pet Health

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Over the past few decades, veterinary medicine has witnessed remarkable advancements: injectable long-acting antibiotics, DNA testing for genetic diseases, digital X-rays, and telehealth platforms. However, amidst these changes, one message has remained constant: the importance of spaying or neutering your pet. The evidence supporting this practice is compelling, as it helps prevent pet overpopulation, shelter overcrowding, and unnecessary euthanasia while providing health and behavioral benefits to our beloved animal companions.

Early vs. Delayed Sterilization: Weighing the Benefits and Risks

The timing of pet sterilization plays a crucial role in assessing its benefits and risks. Early spaying and neutering involves sterilization after six weeks and before six months of age and is a widely practiced and generally preferred approach. This procedure is deemed very safe for young animals due to faster surgical and anesthetic recovery and the less developed blood supply to the reproductive tract, making it less technically challenging and time-consuming.

To prevent reproductive maturation, some owners may spay or neuter their pets before they reach six months of age. Several studies suggest that waiting until 12-18 months to spay or neuter your pet could offer health advantages. Delayed sterilization may help prevent certain orthopedic diseases and cancers, especially benefiting large male dogs. Additionally, intact females of large breeds, such as the Labrador Retriever, might experience reduced conditions like urinary incontinence.

Despite these findings, it’s essential to acknowledge that the existing studies are limited in scope and retrospective. Therefore, there is a pressing need for new, more robust research on the effects of delayed spaying and neutering.

A Longer, Healthier Pet Life

There are several important benefits to spaying and neutering your pets. One of the main advantages is the reduced risk of developing severe health issues such as malignant mammary tumors, pyometra, and testicular and prostatic diseases. These conditions can be life-threatening and may significantly impact your pet’s well-being. Spaying and neutering can also lead to a longer and healthier life for your beloved companion.

Studies have shown that spayed female dogs tend to live 23-26.3% longer than unspayed females, while neutered males experience an increase in life expectancy of 13.8-18% compared to intact males. This means you’ll have more quality time with your furry friend, which can also lead to lower medical expenses throughout their lifetime. Opting for spaying or neutering can greatly improve your pet’s overall health and lifespan, ensuring they remain happy and by your side for many years.

Behavior Benefits

In sterilized populations, certain behaviors tend to decrease, such as escaping confinement and roaming in search of a mate. However, these increased roaming behaviors can expose dogs to various dangers, including vehicular injuries, aggressive or ill wildlife encounters, and exposure to harsh elements.

Neutering can also play a role in reducing specific types of aggression in dogs and curtailing urine marking, as it helps to lower testosterone levels. Additionally, sterilized pets minimize behaviors like mounting, excessive vocalizing, and incessant barking.

Nevertheless, it’s crucial to remember that some behaviors might be learned and reinforced over time, making them more challenging to change. Therefore, if you plan to neuter your pet, it is advisable to do so earlier to have a better chance of positively influencing their behavioral patterns. Neutering pets later in life are less likely to change already established behaviors.

Addressing Misconceptions

While spaying and neutering receive overwhelming support from pet owners, veterinarians, and animal care professionals, certain misconceptions and challenges about animal sterilization persist. One point of contention is that these procedures increase the occurrence of joint problems, various cancers, and immune disorders, as suggested by several recent studies.

However, it’s essential to look at the bigger picture and assess the risks and benefits of these surgeries based on overall pet health and longevity rather than focusing on a handful of diseases. In fact, current scientific research indicates that sterilized pets tend to live longer, experience lower rates of more common diseases like mammary cancer or pyometra, and have a reduced likelihood of dying from infections and trauma.

One common concern among pet owners is the potential for their spayed or neutered pet to gain weight. Hormones do play a role in metabolism and muscle mass regulation. Additionally, their nutritional and caloric needs may change as pets reach physical maturity. To address this, it is essential to closely monitor your pet’s weight, caloric intake, diet, and exercise before and after the surgery. Your veterinarian can offer valuable nutritional guidance and exercise tips as your pet ages.

Another worry among pet owners is the fear that spaying or neutering might alter their pet’s personality. While neutering reduces circulating testosterone levels, it doesn’t eliminate it entirely. However, it’s crucial to note that female dogs with litters are not inherently more docile or gentle than those who have gone through a heat cycle or produced puppies. The temperament of your mature pet will not be affected by spaying or neutering.

Affordable Options

One potential barrier to sterilization is the upfront cost, which can be a challenge for pet owners facing economic hardships. However, there are various resources available to address this issue. Community rescue programs, veterinary colleges, and low-cost clinics offer affordable yet high-quality sterilization procedures and other preventive care options. Private donations and municipal funds often support these organizations.

It’s important to note that while low-cost providers can offer surgical services, they may not include follow-up care or post-operative medications. To ensure comprehensive care, establish a relationship with a primary care veterinarian.

If you’re looking for these services, consider contacting your local veterinary college, animal control, or rescue organizations. Additionally, websites like Adopt a Pet and Pet Help Finder can be valuable resources.

While shelters and rescues already sterilize many adopted pets, verifying and taking responsible ownership measures is still essential. Pet insurance can be a helpful option for those concerned about surgical expenses, and financing programs like Care Credit are available to most pet owners for their pet’s healthcare needs.

Investing in spaying, neutering, and preventive care for your pet is a wise decision that will contribute to their overall health and longevity.

View our Pet Wellness Videos for more expert pet advice.

At Pet Butler, we want you and your pet to live your best and healthiest lives, which is why we offer Pet Waste Removal and Pet Care services year-round. We offer weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, and one-time clean-up services to meet your schedule and needs.

Nutritional Enrichment for a Happy Pup

Dog Behavior

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Nutritional Enrichment and Your Dog’s Instincts

Nutritional enrichment enhances your dog’s quality of life by incorporating food into their natural instincts to seek, forage, find, sniff, hunt, taste, lick, and chase. Similar to the way a piece of cake in the refrigerator excites and satisfies us, the same hit of neurotransmitters is experienced by your dog when they detect the presence of food. Even the least food-motivated dogs have their interest piqued knowing that a tasty treat is out there for the taking.

Importance of Your Dog’s Sense of Smell

Dogs rely heavily on their sense of smell, making it their most dominant sense. You can engage your dog’s sense of smell by introducing new food reward toys, puzzles, and games. Start slow – it’s important to remember that just like you wouldn’t expect a new puppy to immediately understand that outside is for potty, introducing toys that require some degree of brainpower should be done gradually, ensuring success rather than frustration.

Try leaving a soft toy overnight in a container of shredded cheese or dried beef jerky. The next day, the toy will smell delicious to your pup. Hide the toy under a dish towel and observe if they try to nudge the towel aside to get the reward, discovering the toy’s secret location. If not, lift the towel and reward their interest with praise and a treat.

Toys for Nutritional Enrichment

The most popular toys that provide nutritional enrichment dispense treats or food.

Rolling balls with small openings for kibble require your dog to smell the food, then push the toy with their paws or nose to allow a treat to come out. You can adjust the difficulty.

Rubber Kong toys can be filled with snacks like kibble, bananas, rice mixtures, or moistened kibble, then put in the freezer. Frozen treats delay the reward, and sniffing, licking, and manipulating the toy provides enrichment.

Lick mats and silicone pads with nubs or crevices can stimulate your pup. You can smear some peanut butter or plain yogurt or top them with low-sodium chicken broth and freeze them.

Puzzles that require sliding panels, flipping open doors, or checking fleece pockets for kibble are meant for highly intelligent dogs like Border collies, pointers, shepherds, and some terriers that might need this extra stimulation!

Easy DIY Dog Toys and Games

Some of the most creative and cost-effective enrichment ideas come from pet owners themselves.

Upcycle your Amazon boxes by hiding treats inside and letting your dog roll, chew, and toss the box for their reward. As they become more adept at the game, increase the challenge by placing boxes or cardboard towel rolls around the house filled with kibble for an interactive hide-and-seek hunt or nest boxes of decreasing size with the treat in the smallest box.

Make pupsicles using canned pumpkin, pureed veggies, or broth for a refreshing treat on hot days. For smaller pets, use an ice cube tray instead.

Hide kibble in muffin tins or empty egg cartons and cover each compartment with an unbreakable object like a tennis ball or cup. Your pet must use their mouth or paws to uncover the food.

Create a snuffle mat from an old felt blanket or towel by cutting it into strips and tying them to a rubber bathmat or dish drainer. Hide bacon-flavored treats or freeze-dried fish in the felt strip “lawn,” and watch your dog sniff, dig, and forage for their reward.

Use multiple food bowls to feed your dog their nightly meal. Vary sizes and shapes to keep mealtime fun and stimulating.

Bury food rewards in a basket filled with soft toys, pillowcases, or towels. Perfect for those days when your pup needs some mental stimulation but you need a break.

Keep Track of Calories

Every meal and snack presents a chance to improve your dog’s nutrition. Even though the experience of seeking and eating food is enjoyable, it’s essential to keep track of calories. Beginning your day with a pre-measured bag of kibble and treats to use with toys or games is good practice. Food enrichment toys are handy when the weather is unfavorable or you have a long workday. Don’t forget to balance your dog’s calorie intake with appropriate physical activity.

Nutritional enrichment helps support a healthy lifestyle for your dog by stimulating their innate tendencies, providing mental stimulation, and encouraging bonding. And remember, it’s all about having fun!

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View our Pet Wellness Videos for more expert pet advice.

At Pet Butler, we want you and your pet to live your best and healthiest lives, which is why we offer pet waste removal and other services year-round. We offer weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, and one-time clean-up services to meet your schedule and needs.

The Pet Parent’s Checklist: How to Assess Your Pet’s Health in Minutes

Pet Health

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Why It’s Good to Keep Tabs on Your Furry Friend’s Health

Proper diet, exercise, grooming, vaccinations, and preventative care are essential to helping our pets live their best lives. It takes a village to raise a healthy pet; your veterinary team, groomer, trainer, dog walker, and pet sitter are all integral parts of managing and maintaining your best friend’s physical and mental well-being. But who keeps an eye on the front line? You do! And as the person who monitors your pet’s daily habits and appearance, the pet parent will be the first to spot signs they aren’t feeling well. Even a first-time pet owner can quickly assess these health parameters. By noticing any deviation in your pet’s “normal,” you can seek medical attention and resolve problems quickly.

First Things First: Checking Your Dog’s Mood and Body Condition

Initial assessment of your pet begins upon approach. A healthy pet is alert, shoulders relaxed, tail wagging, weight evenly distributed or even in a bow, and ready to engage in play or other activities. Though shape among breeds differs, pets of an ideal weight and body condition will have a slight tuck upwards of their abdomen and, from above, an hourglass shape. You should be able to feel, but not see, their ribs. Diet and exercise play a significant role in maintaining an ideal weight which is critical for managing the onset of problems such as respiratory and orthopedic disease. A change in weight that isn’t intentional should be cause for concern and discussed with your veterinarian.

From Head to Paws: Examining Their Body

Once you’ve evaluated their body condition and attitude, you can do a nose-to-tail check on other body systems. A wet nose doesn’t indicate hydration status or health, but discharge from the nose or eyes can indicate disease. The nose can be black, pigmented, light pink, or have spots. But any changes in appearance, color, crusting, or swelling are abnormal. Eyes should be clear, track movement, not be sunken or dull, and have no discoloration of the eye or surrounding tissues. That thin triangular piece of pink skin in the corner of your dog’s eye? Normal and healthy! The third eyelid provides additional protection and distributes tear film.

Dogs with healthy ears will have no odor, redness, swelling, discharge, or touch sensitivity. You may expect a small amount of yellow to tan wax, but your pet should exhibit no other symptoms of infection or illness. Head shaking, whining, or obvious growths in or on the ear canal should prompt a visit to the veterinarian. Allergies or unaddressed trauma usually cause ear infections. Handle your pet’s healthy ears often and introduce them to cleansing solutions and gentle inspection. They will be more agreeable to future examinations and treatment if and when that time should come.

Making Sure Those Chompers are in Good Shape

What’s not to love about puppy breath? For most dogs, that sweet smell disappears by 3-6 months when their adult teeth replace their baby teeth. But that doesn’t mean you should stop opening your pet’s mouth to evaluate teeth, gums, and odor! Gently rub your dog’s cheek, raise their lips, and open them wide. Gum color in dogs is variable; some are more highly pigmented than others. That’s why it’s best to do regular home checks to detect changes in your pet’s appearance. Moist, pink gums, tongue, and fresh breath are signs of good health. Foul odor, pale, dry gums, heavy tartar, missing teeth, bleeding, or oral masses are not. Maintain oral hygiene with daily brushing, rinses, and even treats or specially formulated kibble. Because oral health affects the heart, kidneys, and other body systems, staying on top of home care and performing regular checks is critical.

Checking Your Pet’s Tummy

As you slide your hands past your dog’s head and shoulders, there shouldn’t be resistance from a bit of pressure on the belly. A regular appetite and daily bowel movements are indicators of good health. The stool should be brown and firm but not hard, absent of blood or mucous, and easy to pick up. Regular eating habits amongst dogs can differ wildly; some prefer moist to dry food, some eat once daily, while others are grazers or need an audience. Tell your vet about unexpected changes in your pet’s appetite, food preference, stool consistency, color, and frequency. Stress, parasites, pancreatitis, and other mild to severe diseases can affect your pet’s gastrointestinal system.

Inspecting Under the Tail

Even healthy dogs don’t generally like to be inspected under the tail. But check, you must! Signs your pet is healthy include a lack of odor or discharge from around your pet’s genito-urinary tract, no signs of excessive licking such as hair loss or wetness, and the ability to urinate a good stream of light yellow, clear urine several times daily (preferably outside, on command) without obvious pain or strain. Healthy dogs with ample clean, fresh water should have no problems eliminating routinely 3-5x a day. Issues within the urinary tract can escalate quickly; if you notice your pet’s voiding routine has changed, call your vet immediately.

Feeling for Lumps, Bumps, and Parasites

Reward your pet’s cooperation during their at-home exam with lots of kisses and snuggles. Rub your hands through their fur and feel for any lumps or bumps. Notice the texture and thickness of their coat, and be aware of any sensitive or itchy spots, dandruff, or redness. Like the gums and nose, their skin may normally be darkly pigmented, spotted, or all pink. All coats should be free of mats, smells, scales, and oil. As a grand finale, check for parasites. Ticks lurk on the ears, under the armpits, and even between the toes. Fleas may only leave tell-tale “dirt” behind, or you may be able to spot the fast-moving buggers. While skin disease isn’t usually a medical emergency, checking in with the pros should your dog not pass a cursory exam with flying colors is always best.

Expert Vet Advice

At Pet Butler, we want you and your pet to live your best and healthiest lives, which is why we offer pet waste removal and other services year-round. We offer weekly, bi-weekly, monthly and one-time clean-up services to work with your schedule and needs.

Are You Ready for a Dog?

Pet Adoption

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A dog can be a wonderful addition to a home, but pet ownership is a big commitment and should be carefully considered. If you are thinking about getting a dog it is important to research, plan, and reflect before making a decision.

5 Things to Consider Beforehand

Lifestyle

Most dogs are happiest when their daily routine is predictable and includes companionship. Are you a busy, on-the-go individual who likes having the flexibility to jet off at a moment’s notice? Who will watch your dog when you’re gone? What about your home life, work, and school schedules? Long days at the office, busy evenings, and kids’ activities may leave you little time to care for your dog.

As a pet parent, you will spend considerable time training, grooming, feeding, exercising, and bonding with your dog. Puppies need extra attention and require frequent potty breaks. Certain high-energy breeds need consistent daily exercise, even late into adulthood.

Environment

Just like humans, dogs want to be comfortable in their surroundings. Certain dog breeds are impacted more by their environment than others. For example, short nose breeds, such as pugs and bulldogs, may not acclimate well in warm climates. You’ll need to add a dog coat and shovel to your shopping list if you want a chihuahua that will tolerate cold and snowy winters. Arctic breeds like huskies might fare better in colder temperatures.

Smaller pets often need less physical space than larger breeds of dogs and may adapt well to apartment living. Older dogs are generally more sedentary and may require less outdoor space for exercise. A fenced yard can provide a safe and easy-to-access space for puppy playtime or for your older dog to explore on their own.

Budget

Having a dog is an ongoing fiscal responsibility, which can span 15 years or more. Pet ownership is a significant expense and should be considered in your decision-making. Make a list of possible expenses and see if it fits with your budget to become a pet parent.

Food, veterinary care, pet insurance, pet sitting, boarding, grooming, training, toys, and supplies can add up. Also, consider that a purebred dog from a reputable breeder may cost thousands of dollars, and veterinary expenses may mount as your pet ages.

Caregivers

Adding a pet to your family will impact the entire household. Every family member should be on board to help acclimate and keep a new dog safe in the home. It will be important to discuss how pet care responsibilities will affect the family.

Ideally, everyone in the home will share in the caregiving for your pet, but at a minimum, one person should be committed to providing the ongoing attention and care your dog will need to thrive. Children grow up, can lose interest, or get busy with extracurricular activities. Spouses decide they don’t like dog kisses or develop allergies.

Support from Pet Professionals

Finding a veterinarian, trainer, and pet sitter before welcoming a dog into your home can get you off on the right foot by learning about nutrition, preventative care, and training. Additionally, these professionals may be able to recommend a breeder or rescue organization with a pet that suits your lifestyle.

Pet professionals will provide varying levels of support through the stages of your pet’s life. Certain dog breeds are prone to health risks such as cancer, diabetes, or glaucoma that require more intensive veterinarian care. Pets with health challenges and senior pets may also need more frequent visits from a pet sitter when you are away from home.

Is your home prepped for a pup?

If after careful consideration you decide to add a pup to your family, you’ll want to make sure your home is ready to welcome your new fur-ever friend. Pup-proofing your home can include:

• Setting up a crate – a relaxing and safe space for your pup and essential for potty training.
• Placing gates across doorways.
• Ensuring all small objects and toys are out of each.
• Storing food out of reach.
• Securing electrical cords.
• Removing toxic plants.

Considering all these variables will help you decide if a new pet is right for you. Education and preparation help build a bond with your new dog.

Vet Advice from Dr. Lisa

At Pet Butler, we want you and your pet to live your best and healthiest lives, which is why we offer pet waste removal and other services year-round. We offer weekly, bi-weekly, monthly and one-time clean-up services to work with your schedule and needs.

How Much Exercise Does a Dog Need?

Pet Health

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Humans need regular exercise to maintain optimal health. By moving our bodies, we strengthen bones and joints, manage weight and chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, and improve immune system and cognitive function. Regular exercise also releases hormones that decrease stress.

Surprise! Our dogs are no different. And just like humans, they come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Because of age, breed and environmental variations, exercise requirements differ from dog to dog.

How Much Exercise Does My Dog Need Each Day?

A good baseline for most canines is one hour of activity per day.

For middle-aged, brachycephalic breeds such as Pugs and Bulldogs, several walks a day for 45-60 minutes cumulatively can be plenty. These dogs have restricted airflow due to their shortened snouts, and more vigorous activity can be harmful to their health, leading to respiratory distress. It’s also best to exercise in cool temperatures as their body heat can rise quickly.

Breeds such as Border Collies are built to sustain high-intensity and a longer duration of activity. These breeds can be active for two or more hours per day, which may include chasing a frisbee, going for a run with their human, practicing flyball and similar activities.

Sighthounds like Whippets and Greyhounds need relatively little exercise to meet their physical and mental needs. Built for speed, they are content with three walks a day, and they thrive when provided a few, safe off-leash opportunities to reach their maximum velocity. They tire easily and aren’t endurance athletes. Many retired sighthounds become excellent apartment-dwelling companions.

How Much Exercise Does a Puppy Need?

Not surprisingly, puppies need more physical activity than most adult or senior pets.

If you have a puppy, you’ve likely experienced the “Zoomies”—that quick sprint around a room or throughout your home. This is evidence of pent-up energy that needs to be expended.

Because of their developing limbs, puppies over four months should be exercised multiple times a day for one to two hours cumulatively. At a very young age, a leashed walk is not needed and is unlikely to be very productive since puppies are so distractable. Although, practicing leash-walking skills and recall exercises, such as “come when called”, constitute physical activity.

Playing with a ball, hide and seek with a toy or treat or playtime with other healthy dogs can be productive. Hiking is also a safe activity you and your pup can enjoy together. New sights, smells and terrain provide lots of opportunities for stimulation. Various muscle groups are utilized which is optimal for injury prevention and building strength. In inclement weather, running the stairs, playing tug-of-war and leveraging puzzle games are activities to enjoy.

How Much Exercise Does My Senior Dog Need?

Older dogs need exercise to maintain muscle mass, control weight and provide enrichment. A good rule of thumb to follow for senior dogs is that they need roughly 30 minutes of exercise per day.

Shorter, slower walks that incorporate hills are very beneficial. Swimming is an ideal exercise for older pets, too. They aren’t as likely to overheat, and the non-weight-bearing exercise is easy on arthritic limbs. It’s important to monitor your pet in the water as exhaustion can occur rapidly; life vests can help maintain buoyancy while allowing your pet to reap the benefits of swimming.

If your senior dog slows down, starts limping or seems otherwise physically stressed, stop exercising and consult your veterinarian.

How Do I Know If My Dog Isn’t Getting Enough Exercise?

Dogs that aren’t receiving enough exercise are relatively easy to identify.

Weight gain, in a general sense, reflects too many calories being consumed and not enough expended. A pet’s ideal weight can be determined by assessing their muscle and body condition. A pet with an abdominal tuck, palpable ribs and an hourglass shape, when seen from above, is at their ideal weight.

AKC breed standards can also be a rough guide as to where your purebred pup should fall on the scale. If your pet is 10% above their ideal weight, they are considered overweight. It’s time to get moving!

Under-exercised dogs can also exhibit a multitude of behavioral problems. Dogs that excessively bark, chew household items or pace around the house may not be receiving enough exercise. Lesions attributed to chronic licking such as lick granulomas on the limbs may be caused by boredom and stress. These lesions can look like red, raised, hairless spots on any or all the legs, especially near the wrists.

Muscle atrophy, or muscle wasting, can be a sign that your pet is too sedentary. Since other metabolic, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases can lead to muscle loss, it’s best to consult your veterinarian if you notice any changes in body condition. It’s also best to check in with the doctor before starting any new exercise routine.

At Pet Butler, we want your pet to feel and be their healthiest and happiest. Free up your time spent doing chores so you can have more quality time with your furry companion. We’ll take care of your dog’s waste removal on a weekly, every other week or monthly basis.

What You Need to Know: The Difference Between Raw Food, Freeze-Dried Food and Kibble

Pet Health

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These days, eating options for our canine friends are about as diverse as they are for their human counterparts.

With options including raw, freeze-dried and kibble, it can be challenging as a pet owner to understand the differences between the different food products.

We’ll break it down for you.

Raw Dog Food

How does raw dog food work?

Raw dog food is just as it sounds—uncooked meats, bones, organs, vegetables, etc. At its core, raw dog food is a natural feeding style, one that represents what canines would face in the wild.

When feeding your dog a raw diet, you have two options of where you can get the food from. You can purchase pre-packaged raw dog food from a commercial retailer, or you can make it yourself.

Raw diets boast a handful of benefits to your dog’s health, including increased energy levels, improved dental hygiene because of bone consumption and healthier skin and coats. Raw dog food also contains a much higher water content than dry food, which can help achieve a feeling of fullness.

With that in mind, there are a variety of substantiated issues raw diets can present to pets and even pet-owners.

Feeding your dog a raw diet can run the risk of introducing bacteria, like Escherichia coli, salmonella and staphylococcus, into your household without proper feeding and cleaning methods. The immuno-compromised or children who have less than meticulous hygiene can be especially vulnerable.

Additionally, the bacteria in raw meat can be dangerous to our furry friends by causing gastrointestinal or systemic disease. Parasites such as Neospora caninum and trichinella spiralis found in raw meat can cause inflammation and infection. Finally, if bones are not consumed properly, it can result in chipped teeth and choking.

Freeze-Dried Dog Food

What is freeze-dried dog food?

At your local pet store or online retailer, you can likely find raw dog food that’s freeze-dried.

Freeze-drying is the process by which water is removed from formulated food. This is accomplished by freezing the wet product, then vacuum sealing the product while raising the temperature. This causes the frozen water to turn into vapor and disperse from the food while many of its nutrients remain.

The benefits of freeze-dried foods are similar to those of the raw dog food diet. Freeze-dried foods are a fast and simple alternative to raw food since you don’t have to handle or prepare wet, raw material.

It is important to note that bacteria-related problems are not isolated to fresh raw diets. While the freeze-drying process limits the ability for new bacteria to grow and causes pathogens to enter dormancy, it does not inherently kill the bacteria.

Kibble Dog Food

Doggie kibble is at the other end of the feeding spectrum. Kibble food includes formulas that are processed together and cooked. Added preservatives are included to increase product longevity.

Brands of dry food that meet the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) standards are required to meet the nutritional needs of your canine, and per USDA regulation, are to be produced under sanitary conditions without harmful substances.

The major benefit of a kibble-based diet is the reduced risk of infection since the products are fully cooked. Additional benefits include portability, healthier gums, reduced levels of plaque and cost-effectiveness.

No matter what diet you choose for your pet, it’s crucial that you consult your veterinarian prior to making a decision. Discuss the options with your vet to ensure you’re feeding your furry friend a balanced diet that supports their breed, age, physical condition, lifestyle and more.

 

At Pet Butler, we strive to create a healthy outdoor environment for you and your pet. Learn about our poop scooping services.

Diseases that Mimic Obesity in Pets

Pet Health

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You have upped your pup’s workout routine to include 30-minute walks, twice a day. You’ve added a few hills and varied pace, counted calories and changed up treats to include apple slices and baby carrots. A download from WSAVA provided you with intel on body condition scoring and the importance of monitoring body weight to get an accurate picture of your pet’s nutritional health and general wellness.

But what happens when your pet is still gaining weight despite your efforts, or their weight is stable, but they are losing muscle mass? Maybe their “waist” is still present when viewing their profile from above, indicating a body condition score of 5, but a side view shows a generous potbelly and leads you to believe they may be more like an unhealthy 9?

First of all, great job on monitoring these important health indices! Second, it’s time to call in the health care professionals, your veterinary team members, for an assessment. When there are inconsistencies, inexplicable changes in weight, or your pet experiences shifts in appetite, energy or hydration needs, call your vet.

There are several diseases that can mimic obesity in pets, so it’s best to assess your pet’s condition as soon as possible.

Common Diseases in Dogs

Hypothyroidism

One of the most common diseases among middle-aged to senior dogs is hypothyroidism. The thyroid glands control metabolism, and when hormone levels are low, your pet may experience lethargy, hair loss, weight gain or recurrent skin and ear infections.

Breeds predisposed to hypothyroidism include our retriever friends, doberman pinschers, Irish setters, boxers, poodles and cocker spaniels. A simple blood test followed by thyroid supplementation can set your pet on the road to wellness.

Cushing’s Disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)

Cushing’s disease, or hyperadrenocorticism, is another endocrine disorder that disproportionately affects boxers, terriers, poodles, dachshunds, and maltese breeds. The disease is caused by an over-production of steroid hormones, namely cortisol.

Overmedication of pets or chronic use of a steroid called “Prednisone” can also lead to Cushing’s disease. Cortisol in healthy pets regulates the body’s response to stress and helps modulate the immune system. In excessive amounts, too much cortisol can lead to weight gain, a decreased ability to fight infection, increased water consumption and appetite, a swollen appearance to the abdomen and deposition of fat stores in the shoulder and neck areas. It can also lead to hair loss, thinning or darkening of the skin and lack of energy.

While often manageable, Cushing’s disease is a serious problem in middle-aged to older pets that may require surgery or lifelong medication and blood testing.

Pancreatic Tumors

The pancreas is made up of cells responsible for producing and secreting insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. Dogs that have tumors of the pancreas secrete excessive amounts of insulin, causing glucose levels to drop, weakness, dull mentation and weight gain.

Blood testing paired with a biopsy at the time of surgery to remove the tumor can be diagnostic and curative if the cancer has not spread.

Fluid in Belly and/or Chest

Free fluid, water or blood in the abdomen can lead to changes on the scale or a bloated belly despite consistent calorie intake and exercise. Diseases that lead to water retention or leakage of fluid out of the bloodstream and into the abdomen are many and can affect young and old animals alike. Liver disease, gastrointestinal diseases that cause low blood protein and heart disease can all lead to fluid build-up in the belly and/or chest.

Certain cancers or trauma can cause free abdominal fluid or blood loss into the abdomen, resulting in a pot-bellied appearance.

Intestinal Parasites

Puppies are adorable, no doubt; however many pups harbor intestinal parasites, giving them that rotund appearance. Most puppies are exposed to roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms and whipworms in utero via the maternal milk supply or in the environment. Intestinal parasites rob the puppies of necessary nutrients, so deworming and regular fecal testing are necessary.

 

No matter the cause, a sudden change in your pet’s body shape or size should be considered an emergency and prompt a visit to the veterinarian immediately. At Pet Butler, we want your pup to be their happiest and healthiest, which is why we’re here to take care of their waste. Call 1-800-PET-BUTLER to learn more about our waste removal services and how we can keep your yard clean.

 

How to Determine if Your Pet is Obese

Pet Health

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Did you know that obesity isn’t unique to humans? Studies show that 1/2 – 2/3 of dogs are overweight. While we are very well versed on our own signs and symptoms of obesity, it can be much more of a challenge to understand our pets’ health in regard to their weight.

So, how can you tell if your pet is overweight, and when is it time to call your vet?

Body Condition Score and Weight

Let’s start with one of the fundamental tools veterinarians use to evaluate the health of canines: a Body Condition Score (BCS). The BCS is a rating of your dog’s current weight compared to its ideal weight. This is determined through visual and manual assessment. You can think of a BCS as the dog equivalent of a Body Mass Index (BMI) or a similar health indicator.

BCS scales can range from 1-5 or 1-9 and typically follow the same structuring. An example is shown below, with the “ideal” range at approximately 4 to 5.

Image Source: Purina’s Body Condition System

However, just like any analytical index, a BCS isn’t without its flaws. For one, the system is subjective, outlining generalized terms of what to look for in your pet. Second, body condition scoring isn’t going to be applied the same for all dogs and can be dependent on breed, gender and age.

As a species that ranges vastly in shapes and sizes, there is no one “ideal” weight for a dog. While there are standardized ranges for each breed, a healthy size is going to be unique to your pet alone. For example, healthy greyhounds typically have visible ribs due to their conformation and haircoat, but this same statement is not true for a golden retriever.

Ask your veterinarian to help identify a healthy weight range for your pet, which is likely to correspond to a range of 4-5 on the body condition score chart. Your pet will be overweight if they are 10-20% above that number on the scale and clinically obese if that number reaches more than 20%.

Not to fear, though. Just because you can’t rely on a BCS alone doesn’t mean you can’t determine if your pet is overweight. Here are some other signs you can look out for.

Physical Appearance

As with the visual examination involved in body condition scoring, the easiest way of understanding where your dog’s weight is at is simply by looking at them. Does your dog’s waist sag? Are there fat pads at the base of its tail and top of its hips? Do its legs stick out awkwardly to the sides instead of being directly under them? These could be signs of a weight problem.

In general, your dog should have its abdomen tucked up in relation to its chest. From an overhead view, a healthy dog is one that is wider at the chest and slimmer toward the waist. If your pet has an ovular body shape from the side or over the top, you’ll know something’s up.

One of the biggest visual indicators is the ribcage. In a healthy dog, the ribs shouldn’t be very prominent, depending on the breed, but they should be very easy to feel upon touch. A telltale sign of an overweight dog is one whose ribs take excessive palpation to find.

Respiratory Issues

Another common presentation of obesity in dogs comes in the form of breathing. If you’ve noticed that your pet struggles with breathing, namely wheezing or heavy breathing, this could be a result of being overweight.

Respiratory problems can even manifest when your dog isn’t exerting effort. Checking if and how intensely your dog snores can also provide insight into its weight situation. When it comes to snoring, more is not merrier.

Difficulty with Movement

As with humans, extra weight is going to place additional pressure on joints, making movement more challenging. If your pet isn’t moving around as well as it used to, weight can be the culprit. Better indicators come in the form of more difficult movements, like running, jumping and climbing stairs.

General Behavior

As a less specific rule-of-thumb, your pet’s overall behaviors can be indicative of needing to shed some pounds. If you find that your dog has become particularly sedentary, opting for laying around as opposed to going on walks, something likely isn’t right. An absence of energy and general lethargy is never going to be reflective of positive health.

If you find your dog following any of these patterns or displaying symptoms of obesity, it’s time to schedule a visit with your vet. At the end of the day, your veterinarian will be able to give you the most thorough and definitive answer regarding your pet’s health.

 

At Pet Butler, we want your pet to feel their best and be their healthiest. That’s why we specialize in caring for your pet by scooping up their waste. Find out more about our services or call 1-800-PET-BUTLER to learn how we can make your pet’s life happier, healthier and cleaner.

To continue learning about obesity in pets, be on the lookout for our upcoming articles on diseases mimicking obesity, how to help your pet lose weight and obesity in senior pets.

 

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